Regionalism in Latin America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Regionalism in Latin America - Essay Example The main question surrounding the issue of regionalism is whether it is a mere station towards neoliberal or more of pluralistic word that organizes coexistence for the popular support (Thomas 2008:56). What forms of dialect does the regionalism take? In addition, what is the linkage between the multifaceted processes due to the regionalism? To answer these questions regionalist may bring its true picture of contestation among rivals from all sides of intensity. In my essay, I will analyze regionalism in Latin America from the international economic policy with a specific focus to the Andean community, which is a sub region in the Latin America. From a theoretical standpoint, regionalism explains the integration process in the development of a balanced and harmonious society. Reconfiguration of the Latin America’s regional governance is one major feature for the global political economy in the last one decade. Regional governance is currently transforming and bringing in different forms of regional policies, identities, and cooperation that transform the cartography of the Latin America. Latin America currently has assumed a different regional form of governance that builds the different rationale, which is not restricted to the US hegemony (Scott 2009:57). Regionalism driven by economic calculations represents a conglomerate project on the issue of commerce and political integration. In this conflicting scenario, the regional integration has redefinition from the regional projects that are substantially divergent in visions. The paper is concerned with the question of how transformation of the new regionalist can shape the thinking of the individuals on the political and social cooperation. Concepts used To help understand the issue of regionalism and the current issue in the Latin America one must consider these terms. A region implies the whole of Latin America whereas sub regions as a section of Latin America like the Andean or South America. Regional integration on the other hand is an agreement based on the intergovernmental or supranational model. It may involve economic, political, and social integration objectives (Lauren 2010:124). Lastly, regional trade preferences are agreements based on trade integration and cooperation on areas that promote democracy. Under this paradigm, the agreements result from conglomerate intentions of economic boost. Structural economic reforms of the Latin America The economy of the Latin America has shifted in its economic policy from its low achieving strategy to serious macroeconomic disequilibria (Lauren, 2010:32). Factors like high inflation, fiscal deficits, current account deficits, and financial sectors in critical trouble formed part of the foreign debt crisis in the early 1980s . After the poor economic management of the Latin America, it undertook structural reforms that placed the country on the path toward superior economic performance. Major structural reforms in the country occurred in the

Personal development business studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal development business studies - Essay Example According to the job importance review, the most important areas identified are self confidence and assertiveness, the ability to listen to others and to motivate them by understanding and empathizing with their needs. The least important areas are logical, statistical and critical thinking skills, effective time management and achieving performance standards. This analysis indicates that this is not a technical job that involves statistical or critical thinking skills, neither is it a job where set standards are to be achieved. Rather the focus is on the candidate’s self confidence and ability to empathize with others. The significant difference in terms of job skills vs. my skills is that my ability to listen to others is not good while this is a high priority in the job. My excellent ability to control and manage myself is not likely to be important in this job. For this job, I need to develop my listening skills, to be patient and devote time to letting people share their views. For the future, I may need to develop my abilities to work effectively in a team and also improve my communication skills. The steep analysis conducted for this organization shows that it is predominantly concerned with the maintenance of a healthy lifestyle and is a youth oriented career. It involves people of different socio economic groups. Electronic and Internet facilities are available at the job site for use where necessary and there is a focus on the conservation of energy. Economically, the job is one that is not stable, rather it goes through a boom-bust cycle. There are political efforts on to introduce the European working model into this arena, with specified minimum wage levels. This analysis indicates that I am in a job where it is necessary for me to be healthy and physically active, since I need to retire early, therefore it is probably sports related. This is also a job where I have to work with people from different racial groups, so it is

Human resources practices influence customer satisfaction

Human resources practices influence customer satisfaction The focus of this research is on examining the process through which human resource practices influences customer satisfaction in banking sector of Pakistan. Drawing on literature from strategic human resource management, organizational behavior, and marketing, a model of HRP-CS is proposed with employee commitment as its central plank. It is argued that such commitment is influenced by organizational human resource practices and in turn it influences employee behavior towards organizational customers which is then translated into customer satisfaction. Despite heavily documented performance link between human resource practices and organizational, the term HR practices has rarely been adequately defined in the literature. In fact researchers have tested for link between HR practices and firm performance with different HR practices as input and different performance outcomes as output. Boselie and his colleagues have very rightly noted that, Still no consensus has emerged on what employee management activities should be in a comprehensive HRM checklist, since no widely accepted theoretical rationale exists for selecting practices as definitively essential to HRM. Selection of HR practices for this dissertation is based on the review of relevant studies. Liao and Chuang noted that involvement, training and performance incentives are among the most relevant for employee performance in service settings. Similarly, Boselie and his colleagues have identified training, performance based rewards and performance appraisal as the top three researched human resource practices. They argue that this might be because these practices reflect the main objectives of most conceptualisations of a strategic HRM programme. Result oriented appraisals, employment security, and profit sharing have also been reported to be strongly related to organizational performance . In the light of the above discussion, I selected human resource practices that adequately cover the areas identified by the strategic HR researchers as being important in improving organizational performance. The practices include internal career opportunities, training, result oriented appraisals, employment security, participation, and compensation. All these practices are supposed to enhance organizational human capital which will then serve as a competitive advantage for the firm. Nevertheless, a group of researchers including Jackson and Schuler , Ferris and his colleagues and Uhl- Bien et al called for more focus on social context of the relationships within the organization. These researchers argue that employee interaction within organization comprises social capital, and no firm can effectively achieve its goals until it actively utilizes its social capital along with its human capital. The central proposition of social capital theory is that network of relationships constitute valuable resource for the conduct of social affairs. As supervisor-employee interaction is among the most frequent experiences in organizational life, the importance of this relationship in social capital formation is very much understandable. Additionally, as supervisors are viewed as agents of organization, who are responsible for directing and facilitating employees job responsibilities, their attitude and behavior is viewed as indicative of organizational orientation towards their employees . Although, supervisor support or supervisor behavior may not qualify itself as firms HR practice, I have added it to the list of HR practices in my dissertation due to its importance in eliciting employee responses towards organization and its customers. Thus the list of HR practices which will be the subject of study in this dissertation are as following: Supervisor support (SS) Internal career opportunities (ICO) Training (Trg) Result-oriented appraisal (ROA) Employment security (ES) Participation in Decision Making (Part) Compensation (Comp) 3.2 Human Resource Management Practices and Customer Satisfaction: In one of the early studies on relationship between employees perception of organizational practices and customers perception of service quality, Schneider, Parkington, and Buxton noted that both are significantly correlated. They conducted a study of twenty three bank branches of a full service bank and observed a strong correlation (r = 0.67) between employees perception of branch service and customers perception of quality of service at the branch. Although, this study did not measure the role of organizational human resource practices on customers perception of service quality or customer satisfaction, it laid down the foundation for studying the role of employee attitudes and behavior in connection with customer satisfaction. In order to yield better perceptions of service quality from customers, the study emphasized to focus attention on the role of boundary personnel in retail service organizations like the branch banks . Rogg, Schmidt, Shull, and Schmitt conducted a study of 351 franchise dealerships of an automobile company to examine the impact of human resource practices on customer satisfaction. They found that HR practices effects customer satisfaction through its influence on organizational climate. This is to say that they tested for a mediating role of climate in HR-CS relationship. Their data analysis supported the hypothesis that human resource practices are significantly related to customer satisfaction, though most of the correlations were less than 0.20. While this study adds to our belief that firms human resource practices are related to its customers satisfaction, it is not without its problems. First, the data on HR practices and climate variables were collected using single instrument, thus increasing the chance of same source bias. Secondly, the data on, human resource practices and climate, variables were collected from single respondent in the organization. While the data of huma n resource practices were factual, the data on climate were attitudinal and is highly prone to single rater error. Both these problems (same source bias and single rater error) have been taken care of in this study. In another study of 137 BDG (Branch Director Group) of a full service bank, Gelade and Ivery documented that BDGs HRM practices are positively associated with customer satisfaction. They analyzed the relationship between HRM indicators (staffing level, overtime, and professional development) and organizational performance indicators (sales against targets, customer satisfaction, staff retention, and clerical accuracy) and found that almost all the three HRM indicators are positively associated with organizational performance indicators including customer satisfaction and that such association is moderated by organizational climate. Whereas most of the studies which examined the relationship between human resource practices and customer satisfaction were conducted on organizational or DMU level of analysis , Liao and Chaung investigated the factors influencing customer satisfaction using a multi-level conceptual framework. There data comprised responses of 257 employees, 44 managers, and 1993 customers from 25 franchised restaurants. The human resource practices data were collected from restaurant manager while employee performance and customer satisfaction data were based on self-reports of employees and customers respectively. The data gathered thus gathered from employees and customers were aggregated to restaurant level to analyze the HR practices customer outcome relationship at unit level. The results of the study showed that of the human resource practices only employee involvement was significantly related to the service performance, while other two HR practices (service training, and performance incent ives) did not have any significant relationship with employee performance. The study did not examine the direct effect of human resource practices on customer satisfaction; however the relationship between restaurant-level service performance and customer satisfaction was found significant. Although, this study provided a better understanding of how employees actions and perceptions influences organizational context, still it did not explicitly examines the role of employees perception of human resource practices in eliciting customer perception of service quality and customer satisfaction. While most of studies conducted on human resource management customer satisfaction relationship have focused on organizational climate as mediating variable between the two, Nishii, et al is the first one to examines the role of employees perceptions, attitudes and behaviors as the central plank of such relationship. There sample included 95 stores each with approximately 18 departments. Data was collected from 4208 employees from 362 departments across these 95 stores. Nishii and her colleagues in a multilevel analysis investigated the role of employee perceptions of why organization adopted certain human resource policies (HR attribution) in shaping their work attitudes and behaviors and the relationship between such attitudes/behaviors and customer satisfaction. The data regarding employee HR attributions, commitment and satisfaction were collected from employees at individual level, while data regarding employee behavior and customer satisfaction were collected from store manage rs and customers respectively at store-level. The individual level data were than aggregated to store level in order to analyze the relationship at store level unit of analysis. The results of this study revealed that employees attributions of human resource practices (HR attributions) are positively related to employee attitudes. They further found that unit-level attitudes were positively related to two aspects of employee behavior, measured in terms of OCB (organizational citizenship behavior). One dimension of OCB (OCB-helping) was found significantly associated with customer satisfaction. The most important finding of the study was, that the same set of HR practices may not even exhibit similar effects within a single organization. The implication is that it is not just the HR practices themselves but rather also employees perceptions of those HR practices that are important for achieving desired organizational outcomes. [italics added] . In fact focus on employee (or member) perception is not a new phenomenon in organizational studies. Almost thirty years ago Schneider, et al based on Heider , Miller, Galanter, and Pribram and Bowers noted that, Member perceptions of organizational practices and procedures are the critical data in understanding organizational behavior. No behavior in, or of, organizations occurs in the absence of perceptions. To conceptualize an organization requires a consideration of human behavior, and human behavior does not exist without perception. Similarly, drawing on Endler and Magnusson and Drazin, Glynn, and Kazanjian Bowen and Ostroff argued that individual behavior potential are not based on . . . actual situation per se, rather, the situation individuals see based on their perceptions, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Finally, Nishii and her colleagues emphasized the need for focusing more future SHRM research on the way that HR practices are enacted in organizations, as revealed in human perception à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Though the study undertaken by Nishi and her colleagues is among the first to empirically test the role of employees perception of HR practices in influencing customer satisfaction, it did not actually measured the employees perception of HR practices per se, rather, it took a different approach and examined the employees perception of why particular HR practices exists and the effect of this why on customer satisfaction. Thus, the important and frequently sought after question regarding the role of employees perception of human resource practices in influencing their attitude, behavior and customer satisfaction is still unanswered in the existing literature. Based on past literature, which demonstrates a positive link between organizational HR practices and customer satisfaction, and to answer a very important, but still unanswered, question in strategic human resource management literature, I hypothesized the relationship between employees perception of HR practices and customer satisfaction as follows: H1: There will be a positive relationship between perceptions of Supervisor Support (SS) Internal Career Opportunities (ICO) Organizational Training (Trg) Human Result Oriented Appraisal (ROA) Resource Employment Security (ES) Practices (HRP) Participation in Decision Making (Part), and Compensation and customer satisfaction such that the customers interacting with employees who more positively perceive HR practices will be more satisfied and vice-versa. 3.3 Research Model: The Process through which HR Practices Influences Customer Satisfaction: As earlier noted in the introduction, the primary aim of this research is to investigate the process/path through which human resource practices influence customer satisfaction, as this is the dynamics of such process which is of immense importance to the owners and managers of the organizations. It is only through the clear and proper understanding of mediating mechanisms between HR practices and customer satisfaction that managers can avoid engaging in conflicting, and at time counter-productive, HR policies. The proposed model indicating the mediating process between perceptions of human resource practices and customer satisfaction is shown in figure 3-1. HR Practices Employee Perceptions Employee Outcome Organizational Outcome Internal Career Opportunities Result Oriented Appraisal Participation in Decision Making Employment Security Supervisor Support Training Compensation Perceived Organizational Support Customer Satisfaction Affective Commitment Customer Oriented Behavior Theoretical Framework Research Model Figure 3-1: Research Model The Influence of HR Practices on Employee Commitment and Customer Satisfaction An examination of the figure 3-1 depicts the relationship of various variables in the model. It is proposed that for human resource practices to influence customer satisfaction they are to be first perceived by the organizational employees in favorable or unfavorable manner. The cumulative employee perception about HR practices is then translated into perceived organizational support (POS), a concept which indicates the organizational commitment towards employee wellbeing. It is further proposed that this POS is reciprocated by the employees in the form of their commitment to organization, which then forms the basis for customer-oriented behavior on their part. The final part of the model deals with the boundary spanning role of the employees and hypothesizes that employee behavior influences the customers perception of service quality in organizations which ultimately leads to customer satisfaction with the organization. In what follows each of the relationships proposed in the model is examined in greater detail in the light of relevant literature. Research hypotheses based on such relationships are formulated within each section. 3.4 Human Resource Practices and Perceived Organizational Support: Perceived organizational support is defined as employees perceptions about the degree to which the organization cares about their well-being and values their contribution . Studies have shown that human resource practices signaling investments in employees are positively related to perceived organizational support . Organization support theory argues that employees assign humanlike characteristics to organizations. This tendency to personify organizations is encouraged by the organizational norms, practices and policies that prescribe employee role behaviors . This personification leads employees to believe that treatment met to them by their organizations is its indication of favor or disfavor to them . The treatment met to employees signal organizations readiness to reward increased work performance and to meet its employees needs for approval and recognition. As the organization treat its employees through the implementation of various human resource practices, I argue that the de velopment of employees global belief regarding the extent to which organizations value its members contribution and care about their wellbeing (perceived organizational support) is the reciprocation of such HR practices. Further, Eisenberger and his colleagues noted that perceived organizational support depends on attribution processes and is based on employees judgments, among other things, of organizational sincerity. Similarly, Whitener , while identifying the possible causes of different employee outcomes towards same HR practice, stressed upon the future researchers to . . . measure employees perceptions of the characteristics of human resource practices as an intervening variable between managers descriptions of human resource practices and employees perceptions of support. . In fact more and more researchers today are realizing the important role of employees perceptions in HR practices employee outcomes relationship. In a very recent publication Nishii et al have argued tha t, . . . in order for HR practices to exert their desired effect on employee attitudes and behaviors, they first have to be perceived and interpreted subjectively by employees . . . . Thus I refine my earlier argument regarding the relationship between HR practices and POS by accommodating the role of employees perception in HR-POS relationship; I hypothesize that it is employees perceptions of organizational human resource practices, instead of practices themselves, which leads to development of employees POS. The following sub-sections will review the literature about the relationship between the hypothesized HR practices and POS in detail. 3.4.1 Supervisor Support: Levinson observed that supervisory actions are often viewed as more indicative of organizations intent than solely based on supervisors personal motive. This is in part due to the fact that employees consider organizations to be responsible for legal, moral, and financial actions of its agents actions. Because supervisors act as organizational agents, the employees receipt of favorable treatment from a supervisor should contribute to POS. Additionally employees believe that managers forward their evaluation of subordinates to upper management which considerably influences managements treatment of their employees, thus perceptions of supervisor support should contribute to development of POS . Reciprocity norm dictates that perceived supervisor support should increase employees felt obligation towards supervisor and organization . H2a: There will be a positive relationship between employees perception of supervisor support (SS) and his/her perceived organizational support (POS). 3.4.2 Internal Career Opportunities: The opportunities to grow internally within the organization signals a strong positive message to employees that they are being cared and their work being valued . Such a policy also inculcates a sense of justice and fairness in the employees who feel that their stay and attachment with the organization for longer tenures is valued and rewarded . Thus the perception of availability of internal career opportunities will be linked to employees perception of organizational support. H2b: There will be positive relationship between employees perception of internal career opportunities (ICO) and his/her level of POS. 3.4.3 Training Training may be viewed as a form of capital investment in humans whether such an investment is made by firm or individual . A number of authors including Huselid and MacDuffie have counted organizational training as one of the important high-performance human resource (HR) practices. Employees, just like other human beings, have a desire to enhance their capabilities and learn new skills to improve their survivability in the environment. Training provides opportunities for both, enhancement of existing capabilities and learning of new skills. Thus provision of adequate training facilities by the organization to its employees signals its commitment to them. By providing career development opportunities, the organization conveys its willingness and dedication to the personal growth of its employees. The provision of training opportunities is indicative of the importance which the organization attaches to the contributions of its employees and is a token of its recognition for such contributions . In Pakistan most of the times such trainings and other career development opportunities go beyond any formal union contract and is thus viewed by the employees as out-of-will treatment by the organization. Such discretionary treatment on part of the organization is viewed by its employees as indicative of organizational support for them . Previous studies have found evidence that career development opportunities are positively related to perceptions of organizational support and that training predicts POS . Similarly, a significant relationship between career development opportunities and POS is also been reported by Meyer and Smith . Based on the review of past research, I hypothesize that an employees level of POS will be positively related to his/her belief of the training and career development opportunities provided by the organization. H2c: Employees perceptions about training opportunities (Trg) will be positively related to the level of his/her POS. 3.4.4 Result-Oriented Appraisal: Previous researches has documented a positive relationship between result-oriented appraisal and firm performance . These authors reported a correlation of r = .13 at p H2d: Employees perception of result oriented appraisal (ROA) will be positively related to their perceptions of organizational support (POS). 3.4.5 Employment Security: Delery and Doty in their research on banking sector of US have found a positive relationship between employment security and firm performance. The positive relationship was attributed to increased employee commitment and motivation due to secure jobs in banks. Similarly Fey, Bjorkman, and Pavlovskaya argued that provision of long term job security to employees signal organizational commitment to them. Pfeffer asserts that norm of reciprocity bounds employees to reciprocate such commitment in the form to their support to the organization and its goals. On the other hand organizational commitment of employees working for an employer who treats its employees as unimportant or dispensable tends to be low. Further, in times of economic turbulence when people are finding it increasingly difficult to find jobs, long term job security by the organization to the employees enhance their perceptions of organizational support. In light of the existing theoretical and empirical rationale I predic t about the relationship between employment security and perceived organizational support (POS) as following: H2e: There will be a positive relationship between employees perception of employment security (ES) and his/her perceived organizational support (POS). 3.4.6 Participation in Decision Making: Studies have concluded that organizations will yield better results if they gave their employees participation or voice in decision making activities . Providing opportunities to the employees to participate in decision making should indicate that their contribution is being valued by the organization . Researchers, have previously suggested that having say in decision making and voice in formulating organizational policy should be tested as a precursor of perceived organizational support . Whitener argued the fact that it is not only the existence of participation practice which is enough to elicit positive response from the the employees rather it is the perception regarding the existence and usefulness of such participatory mechanism which enhances employees perception of organizational support. Thus, the following relationship between participation and perceived organizational support is predicted: H2f: Employees perception of participation in organizational decision making (Part) will be positively related to his/her perceptions of organizational support (POS). 3.4.7 Compensation Organizational Support Theory argues that organizational rewards signals the nature of employee concern by the organization. Thus, favorable rewards signal that employee contributions are being valued by organization . More specifically this theory holds that favorable organizational rewards are conceived as organizations recognition and appreciation of employees work, and therefore, a major source of POS development . Organizational rewards may take the form of different variables when it comes to measuring its relationship with POS. In literature variables such as pay itself , distributive justice , procedural justice and general organizational rewards are researched for their relationship with POS. A common theme which emerges out of these studies is that POS is positively influenced by organizational rewards. Perceived organizational support is found to be positively related to employee pay satisfaction in a study conducted by Shore and Tetrick . Another study, which tested the relationship between employees perception about procedural justice and their perception of organizational support, found that both are positively related . Similarly, Wayne et al. noted a positive association between perceptions of procedural justice and POS. One can easily note from the above studies that though different indicators have been used to capture the concept of organizational rewards and then test their relationship with perceived organizational support, these researches converge in their conclusion about positive link between reward and development of POS. As the focus of this dissertation on measuring the influence of organizational human resource practices on employee commitment and customer satisfaction, the issues of relationship between rewards like distributive and procedural justice is somewhat out of scope for this study. Of particular importance to this study is the role of compensation as organizational reward, and the role it plays in development of POS. Willis noted that compensation is the most critical issue when it comes to attracting and keeping talent. Compensation is the cornerstone of the majority employment contracts. As Parker and Wright noted that basic reason for such centrality to the issue of compensation is the assumption that money influences behavior. In 1999 a study conducted by Bassi and Van Buren revealed that firms using high-performance work practices provide compensation based on group-performance and company profit sharing to enhance the employees feeling of organizational support. Especially, profit-sharing mechanism is a clear sign that organization does not only recognize and value its employees efforts in its profit but is ready to share it with them. This line of thinking clearly indicates a positive possibility of relationship between employees compensation and their perceptions of organizational support. Thus based on review of existing literature and logic which dictates a relationship between compensation and POS, I hypothesize as under: H2g: Employees perceptions of compensation (Comp) will be positively related to the level of his/her POS. 3.5 Perceived Organizational Support (POS) and Organizational Commitment (OC) During the last two decades the concept of organizational commitment (OC) remained a major focus of research in organizational studies. One of the reasons for such focus is the assumed relationship between organizational commitment and performance . In the following lines I will first explain the concept of commitment and will then explain the logic of proposing relationship between POS and OC. The term commitment has been widely used in research and is being variedly used to explain the antecedents, consequences and process of being committed to organization . This variety of definitions of commitment led Meyer and Allen to note that OC may be a multidimensional concept that has the potential to be interpreted in variety of ways. Nevertheless, the major definitions of OC appear to be affective or attitudinal , normative , behavioral and calculative . However, as Allen and Grisaffe noted, most researchers would agree that organizational commitment refers to a psychological state that characterizes an employees relationship with the organization for which he or she works and that has implications for whether or not the employee will choose to remain with the organization. Researchers differ in their opinion about why or how commitment occurs. Meyer and Allen conceptualizes that commitment develops as a result of experiences of satisfying employees needs motivational and/or compatible with their values . They further argued that desired commitment profile of employees may be developed by managing the employee work experience. Some researchers have described commitment as a strong belief in and acceptance of the organizations goals and values, a willingness to exert considerable effort on behalf of the organization, and a definite desire to maintain organizational membership . This definition highlights the role which commitment plays in enhancing individual performance such that more committed employees are supposed to be exerting more effort in achievement of organizational goals. Another important way of conceptualizing commitment is through individuals attitude towards employer organization. Researchers have noted that virtually all the research conducted on organizational commitment, per se, has used the attitudinal conceptualization. The following description of attitudinal commitment is forwarded by Mowday et al. : Attitudinal commitment focuses on the process by which people come to think about their relationship with the organization. In many ways it can be thought of as a mind set in which individuals consider the extent to which their own values and goals are congruent with those of the organization. Such a description suggests that strongly committed individuals will put in more work required for attainment of desired organizational outcomes as such outcomes are consistent with their personal values and goals. Meyer and Allen noted that organizational commitment is a mind set or psychological state (i.e., feelings and/or beliefs concerning the employees relationship with an organization) They conceptualized commitment through a three component framework. The three components are affective commitment, continuance commitment and normative commitment and has been described by Allen and Meyer as under: . . . employees with strong affective commitment remain with the organization because they

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

Throughout history, racism has played a major role in social relations. In Harper Lee's novel, To Kill A Mockingbird, this theme is presented to the reader and displays the shallowness of white people in the south during the depression. The assumption that Blacks were inferior is proved during the trial of Tom Robinson. Such characteristics served to justify the verdict of the trial. In this trial, Tom Robinson is accused of raping Mayella Ewell and is found guilty. Many examples from this novel support the fact that Tom Robinson was in fact innocent. Atticus Finch represented Tom Robinson in the trial. He showed that Tom's left arm was crippled due to a former injury using a cotton gin. Atticus expanded on this point by unexpectedly throwing a ball at Tom Robinson. Tom's only reaction was to catch the ball with his right arm. This point is connected to Heck Tate's testimony in telling the court that the right side of Mayella's face had been severely bruised. A left-handed person would logically have inflicted this injury. Tom's left hand is shriveled and totally useless. On the other side of the coin, Atticus shows the court that Mr. Ewell is not ambidextrous but is only right-handed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A second testimony that supports the opposite of the verdict, was the fact that Mr. Ewell never called a doctor after learning of Mayella's injuries. Following the incident, there had not been any physical examination performed by a certified physician. If indeed Mr. Robinson had committed the crime, Mr. Ewell's first instinct would have been to get his daughter checked out. Upon finding his daughter 'assaulted';, he would have wanted to have her injuries treated including the injury that might been caused by rape.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The third example of the trial that strongly contrasts with the outcome of the verdict was Mayella's testimony. If Mayella was so sure that Tom Robinson was the one that assaulted her, her testimony would have been clearly stated. Instead, during the trial, Mayella seemed to be unsure of herself at times and hesitated when thinking about certain answers. When Atticus asked Mayella if she remembered the person beating her face, she first answers that she does not recollect if the person hit her. Under her next breath, she says the man did in fact hit her. Once Atticus challenges this statement she gets flustered and continues to use the excuse that she does not remember.

Arthur Miller uses to create dramatic tension in Acts Essay

During â€Å"all my sons†, Miller creates a sense of normality with a undercurrent of unease using several different techniques including: the use of setting, stage directions and dramatic tension between characters. All of course being subsequently keeping the audience enthralled in the play. The plot its self breeds tension, revolving around the two major areas of the family conflict: the disagreement within the family over the pending marriage and at the core of the play, the conflict between father and son. But by definition Drama Plays are by nature about conflict, in the play ‘All My Sons’ (ASM) has two levels a surface gloss of normality and a submerged latent The opening of act 1 paints a scene of leisurely, relaxed life, untouched by the horrors/ deprivation of the recent war (world War II). The whole setting itself has sense of normality and unease which is created by Miller for effect for Act 1 is in an American regular back yard, (this is done so the audience can relate and empathise with the characters and there are a lot more things in the play a lot of the audience can also relate to) its the family back garden which is an open space is half private yet shared with their neighbours â€Å"the back yard of the Keller house in the outskirts of an American town† This creates a very ordinary sense of a families back garden, however there is an undercurrent of unease as â€Å"the stage is hedged from right to left by tall, closely planted poplars which lend the yard a secluded atmosphere†(P. 3) making it seem private and narrow minded almost closed off to rest of world almost as if there hiding from the rest of the world while at same time remaining open to neighbours peering eyes and approach by the open driveway which leads into the backyard. As an example of one of Millers use of techniques to his disposal was the use of stage directions. Throughout the act 1, tension/ unease is created from conflicts between characters, especially between the Keller families. The conflicts between the characters occasionally climax to expose a dramatic secret or revelation, however Tension is often broken with the arrival of a new character. For example after the arrival of Ann during act 1 the argument between mother and Keller is soon interrupted. Using this method, Miller often has short breaks of tension that quickly cease to keep the audience hungry for more, thus maintaining a ‘drip feed’ style of revealing information. 1. Jo Keller relaxes in the sunshine of a quiet Sunday Morning reading his newspaper; it’s a picture of normality. Miller use of conversation style creates a sense of normality by using simple plain words. The conversation is short and uneventful about routine things like the weather. The dialogue is ordinary everyday and slow paced, the conversation casually flits almost aimlessly from the weather to newspaper ads to mentioning arrival of a visitor to a toaster that’s not working and a doctor answers a patients call. The style of conversation is colloquial , recorded as its spoken , without correct grammar . The subject content not great deep meaningful speeches. It’s an average day, all the talk is not about any specific subject, but it gives a general sense that there are no particular problems as neighbours walk into the Keller’s garden on a relaxed August Sunday morning. The stage direction Settings convey immediate familiarity, the opening of Act I paints a scene of a leisurely relaxed cosy family garden, in contrast to the recent horrors of WWII, â€Å"the backyard of the Keller household in the outskirts an American town â€Å", the description of the stage set is realistic homely and safe lifelike and not at all theatrical, but a highly familiar setting for the audience. The family backyard setting is an open space set in ‘ordinaryville’ where neighbours feel comfortable just walking into to start conversations. the ordinariness stage setting is emphasised â€Å"it would have cost fifteen thousand† 2. Joe Keller is sitting in a peaceful sunny suburban garden reading a newspaper as ordinary as regular routine relaxed weekend,(p. 4) as his neighbour Frank casually walks into his garden he asks â€Å"what’s today’s calamity? â€Å". It is telling that Keller replies â€Å"I don’t read the news part any more. its more interesting in the want adds†. I believe that Keller only chose to read the want adverts’ and not any news items because he doesn’t like facing reality or the fact that someone is reporting calamities or about crimes that someone’s done wrong . Keller is hiding a deep guilt 3. the stage direction Settings convey immediate familiarity, the opening of Act I paints a scene of a leisurely relaxed cosy family garden, in contrast to the recent horrors of WWII, â€Å"the backyard of the Keller household in the outskirts an American town â€Å", the description of the stage set is realistic homely and safe lifelike and not at all theatrical, but a highly familiar setting for the audience. The family backyard setting is an open space set in ‘ordinaryville’ where neighbours feel comfortable just walking into to start conversations. the ordinariness stage setting is emphasised â€Å"it would have cost fifteen thousand† .

A bachelors degree Essay

After obtaining a bachelors degree in marketing five years ago I never imagined myself going back to school and trying to pursue a master’s degree in early childhood education. Every since I can think back to my childhood I have had so many great teachers. I have always value them not only as an educator but as a strong and compassionate individual. My interest in education began with my daughter, and spending a great amount of time as a parent volunteer in her classroom. In the classroom is where I developed a passion for working with kids, and helping them learn in a creative manner. I feel that children bring out the best in me. As a parent and educator I find myself not just a person who nurtures and cares for children, but someone who is excited to see children learn. I have taught my children how to be someone with good morals and ethics. I have helped them view education in most positive way. I strong believe that the early years of a child’s life are crucial when it comes to education, and this is a time at which information can most effectively be absorbed. In order to ensure that our children the future of our society get the best education possible, it is vital that appropriately qualified, skilled, and knowledgeable educators are available to provide this knowledge and development. Two factors have contributed to my decision to pursue my education at the graduate level. First, by attending graduate school, I would have the opportunity pursue a position as director or admistative coordinator at a preschool. In addition, I seek further education in order to refine and improve my level of knowledge and skills educating young children. I feel that graduate school will enable me to discuss and research contemporary issues that are of chief importance to an educator practicing in today’s society. 2. How do you perceive the process of graduate study in early childhood education helping you attain your personal and professional goals? The process of graduate study in early childhood education will strengthen my ability to lead as a director in quality programs in early childhood education. It will provide me with the tools and skills need to provide leadership and manage the day-to-day activities in schools, preschools, day care centers. Secondly, the process of graduate study will help me understand and perseve the importance of theories used in early childhood education. It will give me a chance to explore and apply those theories and practices used in a classroom setting. Third, the process of graduate study will help me gain knowledge so I can effectively conduct research studies pertaining to young children. Some studies which I am egger to conducted are studies concerning the long term benefits of children who attend preschool, how preschool can help in the development of children, and how teaching children though play can help children enjoy learnering. My personal benefits that I will gain from graduate study in early childhood education are, it will help me be able to understand and perceive social and cognitive development of my own children. It strengthen my relationship with my children and with children in general and, make it easier to perceive there way of thinking. 3. In what ways do you plan to make a contribution to the profession of early childhood education? As a profession of early childhood education a plan to make a difference though committing to enhancing the education, development, and well-being of young children. I will educate others about the importance of well-rounded preschool and the long term benefits it can have on a child. I plan to use what I have learned though graduate program and apply into the preschool environment. After completing graduate studies I plan to continue researching how we can continue to improve our early childhood education programs for the future generations. 4. What are your expectations from the Master’s program in Early Childhood Education at California State University, Long Beach? First of all I think it would be not only an honor but a privilege for me to attend a graduate school that is so highly recognized professionally. My expectations from the Master’s program in Early Childhood Education at CSULB are it will give me an opportunity to effectively communicate about theories and practices I have learned though out the program. It will give me a chance to conduct research and implement my research and incorporate that research into a preschool setting. It will broaden my understanding about the importance of cultural diversity in a classroom setting. It will give me a chance to further explore other areas which I can possible specialize in. The master’s program will give me a chance to be a well recognized individual among peers and colleagues within my profession. Thinking back to my childhood, I have had many great teachers. I have always valued them not only as educators but as strong and compassionate individuals. I have helped them view education in the most positive way. I strongly believe that the early years of a child’s life are crucial when it comes to education, and this is a time at which information can most effectively be absorbed. In order to ensure that our children, the future of our society, get the best education possible, it is vital that appropriately qualified, skilled, and knowledgeable educators are available to provide this knowledge and development. First, by attending graduate school, I would have the opportunity pursue a position as director or administrative coordinator at a preschool. It will provide me with the tools and skills needed to provide leadership and manage the day-to-day activities in schools, preschools, and day care centers. Secondly, the process of graduate study will help me understand and perceive the importance of theories used in early childhood education. Some studies which I am eager to conduct are studies concerning the long term benefits of children who attend preschool, how preschool can help in the development of children, and how teaching children through play can help them enjoy learning. The personal benefits that I will gain from graduate study in early childhood education include understanding and perceiving social and cognitive development in my own children, strengthening my relationship with my children and with children in general and, making it easier to perceive their way of thinking. – This sounds rather repetitive; you are overusing â€Å"perceive† and being a little too general here. As a professional in early childhood education, I plan to make a difference though committing to enhancing the education, development, and well-being of young children. I will educate others about the importance of well-rounded preschool and the long term benefits it can have on a child. I plan to use what I have learned through my graduate program and apply it to the preschool environment. After completing graduate studies I plan to continue researching how we can continue to improve our early childhood education programs for the future generations. – Again, this is rather vague. First of all, I think it would be not only an honor but a privilege for me to attend a graduate school that is so highly recognized professionally. My expectations from the Master’s program in Early Childhood Education at CSULB are that it will give me an opportunity to effectively communicate about theories and practices I have learned throughout the program. It will give me a chance to conduct research and implement my research and incorporate it into a preschool setting. It will give me a chance to further explore other areas in which I can specialize. The master’s program will give me the chance to be a well recognized individual among peers and colleagues within my profession. Try to come up with some more specific goals. When you are vague, it makes it sound as if you really don’t know much about the field you want to specialize in. You might want to read some articles about issues in early childhood education–what is controversial in the field? what is cutting edge? –and include some information you have gained from your reading, to show that you are well-versed in this area.

buy custom Exam Question essay

buy custom Exam Question essay In this poem, Whitman uses the word drums in a symbolic style to imply a war. The poem has three stanzas, the first talks of the looming war, the second talks about the situation in the streets and villages as a result of the war. The third describes the sorrowful scene of people mourning the dead an aftermath of the war. The sound of drums is a wake up call to the people to leave their duties and join forces at the battlefield. The drums getting louder indicate that the war has turned into a fully blown, extended warfare, unlike what everyone expected to be a short-lived battle. The use of alliteration and repetition by the poet communicates the idea that it is time to face the war, there is no time to waste, they have no option other than go to the battlefield and face their opponents in the war or else they risk being wiped out by their enemies. It is clear that people are restless, with the idea of war in their mentality, the people can only think of how the war shall interfere with their normal lives. The remorseful tone used in the last stanza and the use of the hearse being awaited means that a lot of people have succumbed to death in the battlefield. Buy custom Exam Question essay

The Theresa Andrews Case

The Theresa Andrews Case In September 2000, Jon and Teresa Andrews were busy getting ready to enter into parenthood. The young couple was childhood sweethearts and had been married for four years when they decided to begin building a family. Who would know that a chance meeting with another pregnant woman, while in the baby department of a store, would result in murder, kidnapping, and suicide? Summer of 2000 Michelle Bica, 39, shared the good news about her pregnancy with friends and family. She and her husband Thomas prepared their Ravenna, Ohio home for the arrival of their new baby girl by installing baby monitors, setting up a nursery, and buying baby supplies. The couple was jubilant about the pregnancy, especially after the miscarriage Michelle had suffered the year before.  Michelle donned maternity clothing, showed friends the baby sonogram, attended birthing classes, and other than her due date which kept getting pushed forward, her pregnancy appeared to be progressing normally. A Chance Meeting? During a shopping trip to the baby department at Wal-Mart, the Bicas met Jon and Teresa Andrews, who were also expecting their first child. The couples chatted about the cost of baby supplies and discovered that they lived just four streets away from each other. They also talked about due dates, genders, and other normal baby talk. Days following that meeting Michelle announced that there had been a mistake with her sonogram and that her baby was actually a boy. Teresa Andrews Disappears On Sept. 27, Jon Andrews received a call at work from Teresa at around 9 a.m. She was trying to sell her jeep and a woman had called saying she was interested in buying it.  Jon cautioned her to be careful and throughout the day tried to reach her to see how she was and if she sold the jeep, but his calls went unanswered. When he returned home he discovered both Teresa and the jeep were gone although she had left behind her purse and cell phone. He knew then that something was wrong and feared that his wife was in danger. Four Streets Over On the same day, Thomas Bica also received a call at his job from his wife. It was great news. Michelle, in a series of dramatic events, had given birth to their new baby boy. She explained that her water broke and she was taken to a hospital in an ambulance, had given birth, but was sent home with the newborn because of a tuberculosis scare at the hospital. Family and friends were told the good news and over the next week people came by to see the Bicas new baby which they named Michael Thomas. Friends described Thomas as a classic new dad who was ecstatic about their new baby. Michelle, however, seemed distant and depressed. She talked about the news of the missing woman and said she was not going to display the new baby flag in the yard out of respect for the Andrewses. The Investigation The following week, investigators tried to piece together clues into Teresas disappearance. A break in the case came when they identified the woman through phone records who called Theresa about the car. The woman was Michelle Bica. During the first interview with detectives, Michelle appeared evasive and nervous when she told them about her activities on Sept. 27. When the FBI checked out her story they found that she had never been to the hospital and there was not a tuberculosis scare. Her story appeared to be a lie. On October 2, detectives returned to do a second interview with Michelle, but as they pulled into the driveway, she locked herself in a bedroom, put a gun into her mouth, and shot and killed herself. Thomas was found outside the locked bedroom door in tears. The body of Teresa Andrews was found in a shallow grave covered in gravel inside the Bicas garage. She had been shot in the back and her abdomen had been cut opened and her baby removed. Authorities took the newborn baby from the Bica home to the hospital. After several days of testing,  DNA results proved that the baby belonged to Jon Andrews. The Aftermath Thomas Bica told police he believed everything Michelle had told him about her pregnancy and the birth of their son. He was given 12 hours of polygraph examinations which he passed. This along with the results of the investigation convinced the authorities that Thomas was not involved in the crime. Oscar Gavin Andrews Jon Andrews was left to mourn the loss of his childhood sweetheart, wife, and mother of his child. He found some solace in the fact that the baby, renamed as Teresa had always wanted, Oscar Gavin Andrews, had miraculously survived the brutal attack.

An Introduction To Network Topology

An Introduction To Network Topology In the context of a communication network, the term topology refers to that way in which the end points, or stations, attached to the network are interconnected or it is the arrangements of systems in a computer network. It can be either physical or logical. The physical topology refers that, a way in which a network is laid out physically and it will include the devices, installation and location. Logical topology refers that how a data transfers in a network as opposed to its design. The network topology can be categorized into bus, ring, star, tree and mesh. Hybrid networks (They are the complex networks, which can be built of two or more topologies). Bus Topology A Bus topology is characterized by the use of a multi point medium. A long and single cable acts as a backbone to connect all the devices in a network. In a bus topology, all computers or stations attach through the appropriate hardware interfacing known as a tap, directly to a bus network. Full duplex operation between the station and tap allows data to transmit onto the bus and received from the bus. A transmission from any station propagates the length of the medium in both directions and can be received by all other stations. At each end of the bus is a terminator, which absorbs any signal, removing it from the bus. Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines and taps. A drop line is a connection running between the device and the main cable. A tap is a connector that either splices into the main cable or punctures the sheathing of a cable to create a contact with the metallic core. A bus network work best with a limited number of computers. Advantages Bus topology can install very easily on a network. Cabling will be less compare to other topologies because of the main backbone cable laid efficiently in the network path. Bus topology suited for a small network. If one computer fails in the network, the other computers are not affected they will continue to work. It is also less expensi ve than star topology. Disadvantages The cable length will limited and there by limits the number of stations. If the backbone cable fails, the entire network will goes down. It is very difficult to trouble shoot. Maintenance cost is very high in a long run. Terminators are required for both the ends of the cable. Ring topology The ring topology the network consists of dedicated point to point connection and a set of repeaters in a closed loop. A signal is passed along the ring in one direction, from device to device, until it reaches its destination. It may be clock wise or anti clock wise. When a device receives a signal intend for another device, its repeater generates the bits and passes them along. As with the bus and tree, data are transmitted in frames. As a frame circulates past all the other stations, the destination station recognize its address and copies the frame into a local buffer as it goes by. The frame continues to circulate until it returns to the source station, where it is removed. These topologies are used in school campuses and some office buildings.

Wartime and Postwar British Cinema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Wartime and Postwar British Cinema - Essay Example The aim of the pressure was also to restrict the growing impact of Americanism(Aldgate 1994). Anyway The Board of Trade was rather happy to have the opportunity to rely on USA import and American companies were of importance as they handle percentage of produced British films. Then the situation changed and British film-making industry became profitable (Warners, Twentieth Century Fox, Columbia, MGM, etc). The mentioned studios were allowed to produce British films at their British studios. The main British studios of that period were Ealing, Gainsborough and British National. All of them emerged in the 1930s and survived severe War, because of wealthy patriotic backers. Michael Balcon became Head of Production at Ealing Studio in 1938. The company was backed by the Courtlaud family. British National was found as it was mentioned by Arthur Rank (flour millionaire) and later took over Elstree. Gainsborough was backed by the financier Isidore Ostreer and the company had contacts with Twentieth Century Fox and MGM(MacKillap 2003). Ealing was under the influence of Michael Balcon who was the Head of Production since 1939. The company was dominating in the film production market. For the next years Balcon maintained a commitment to "British films", although the budget was very modest and poor. Balcon took a number of talented figures with hi such as Charles Critchon, Charles Frend, Robert Hamer, Henry Watt, Basil Dearden and Cavalcanti. The main war-time films of that period were "In Which We Serve", "The Big Blockade", "The Foreman Went to War", "Went the Day Well". However, then Ealing understood that British society was really tired of was films and the company responded to the new film movement for popular social change. That was rational decision influencing all its further film productions(MacKillap 2003). The early years of British cinema were dominated by Ealing, especially by Ealing comedies aimed at lower middle class, against bureaucracy and at celebrating brave community spirit. For example, films "Passport to Pimlico" and "Whiskey Galore" established the new trend to fight for anarchic libertarian rights. Nevertheless later that formula became also boring and conservative. In the result the Ealing comedy gave rise to the next generation of comedies(Street 1997). Ealing Drama and Comedy: Interaction Charles Barr (Ealing Studios, script writer) wrote (Lou 2003): "The drama is Ealing's picture of how things have to be in a society which rightly inhibits individual deems and desires for self-fulfillment. The comedy is a daydream, a fantasy outlet for those urges". It is a well-known fact that Ealing studios were built in 1932 by a theatre director Basil Dean who was the former of film production company Associated Talking Pictures (ATP) in 1929. The company made more than 60 films during the period of 1930s, but then its fortune significantly declined. It was phased out and then replaced by a production company which bore the studio's name. Michael Balcon, who earlier was the Head of Production at Gaumont-British, became the head of Ealing during 1930s. The style and ideology of the Ealing films were strongly influenced by ideas of national identity and national interests. All the films of that period were based on those ideas(Lou 2003). When Balcon was the head, the company's aim was to become the voice of social conscience and to

Admissions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Admissions - Essay Example However, instead of using the term eclectic as a means of arrogance, the underlying reason why I use eclectic fashion stems from the fact that I do not prefer to continually buy clothes all the time. The fact of the matter is that clothes take quite a while to wear out. As such, being a responsible citizen and seeking to reduce my impact on the earth requires a reasonable person to use an article of clothing up until the point in time that it begins to show signs of wear/aging. Because of the desire to wear a garment up until the point that it begins to show signs of wear, buying disposable fashion that is â€Å"in† one season and â€Å"out† the next is not reasonable or rational. Instead, the more appropriate approach would be to buy fashion based upon the level of classic timelessness that it engenders. In this way, choosing clothes that are appropriate and timeless helps to create a balanced wardrobe. This represents a very utilitarian view of who I am. Instead of being a person that is consumed with a desire to promote the latest fashion trend, I am more concerned with the quality and classic nature of particular item. Yet, rather than this making me what some might call a â€Å"conservative person†, this taste in fashion does not translate into my taste in music or other â€Å"style† choices. My preferred music is electronic/trance; something that does not fit with the clothing style I have selected. But due to the fact tha t music considerations are not something that a person pays for on a regular basis, like clothing, the differential that is evidenced in my life is at least partially understandable. From the information that has been discussed, it can clearly be seen that personal style is not something that can be defined categorically. Even within the various elements that contribute to style, a wide range of difference can exist within an individual.

Dinosaurs Extinction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Dinosaurs Extinction - Essay Example Variations in the time range of activities often render the theory somewhat problematic. However, the theory provides some important insights that attend to issues relating to meteorite activity in relation to the extinction of the dinosaurs. The explanation weaves into other scientific explanations such as the Darwinian Theory of survival for the fittest in order to expand the understanding of the nature of impact as it affected the survival of various animal species following the massive disruption of the food chain (Michael 1). In this regard, the weight of this theory could be assessed from the perspective of some of the issues that attend to the relationship between organisms and nature. This study assigned significant focus on the theory of volcanism in order to provide alternative points of view to the causal relationship between the theory and the other attendant factors that affected species in various ways.The theory of volcanism is based on the relationship between climate change and the extinction of species. In general, terms the volcanic activities that happened within the Cretaceous period in regions of western India. According to those who hold onto the theory of volcanism, the heavy volcanic activities resulted in the emission of massive amounts of sulfur and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Therefore, processes such as photosynthesis were significantly affected (Michael 2). The result was a shortage of food that led to the extinction of vulnerable species such as dinosaurs.... In this regard, the weight of this theory could be assessed from the perspective of some of the issues that attend to the relationship between organisms and nature. This study assigned significant focus on the theory of volcanism in order to provide alternative points of view to the causal relationship between the theory and the other attendant factors that affected species in various ways. The theory of volcanism is based on the relationship between climate change and the extinction of species. In general, terms the volcanic activities that happened within the Cretaceous period in regions of western India. According to those who hold onto the theory of volcanism, the heavy volcanic activities resulted in the emission of massive amounts of sulfur and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Therefore, processes such as photosynthesis were significantly affected (Michael 2). The result was shortage of food that led to the extinction of vulnerable species such as dinosaurs. However, the stu dy points out one challenge that relates to the difficulty in pinpointing the exact point in time when these volcanic activities took place. The concerns raised in the study are consistent with other refutations that have established a problematic relationship between the action and consequence of the activity. Fastovan and Sheekan (4) study the extinction of the dinosaurs with special focus on North America. The two authors argued that the event took place in an instantaneous fashion. This study explores multiple other perspectives that attempt to situate the dinosaur extinction phenomenon within definite geographical and historical setting. Fastovan and Sheekan

Business Process Management Reflective Analysis Essay

Business Process Management Reflective Analysis - Essay Example According to Chandler’s opinion, strategy refers to â€Å"the determination of the basic, long-term goals and objectives of an enterprise and the adoption of courses of action and the allocation of resources necessary for those goals† (Mazzucato, 2002). Michael Porter, on the other hand has defined strategy as the â€Å"broad formula for how a business is going to compete, what its goals should be and what policies will be needed to carry out these goals† (Harmon, 2007). It is quite clear that there are three different phases that form the strategy. In the first phase management identifies what the company is doing now. In other words, they identify the existing strategies of the company. In the next phase it is important to understand about the environment in which the company operates in and in the final phase management has to decide about the next actions that are required to be taken. These decisions are taken by comparing the environmental situation with th e company’s existing strategies (Harmon, 2007). The concept regarding value chain is made popular by the famous management expert Michael Porter. Now it is considered as one of the most crucial sources of sustainable competitive advantage for the business organizations. The basic idea of value chain is referred to the processes that convert the raw materials into the finished products that are saleable as well as consumable. It engages the main activities of a company and these activities are organized in such a way that each of them adds ‘value’ to the entire business operation. In simple words value chain is the combination of the supply chain and distribution chain (Orcullo, 2007). Michael Porter has developed a specific model on value chain. In this model there are five primary activities that are directly responsible for value creation. In order to support these five activities, there are four secondary activities that indirectly create values. Primary activ ities are ‘inbound logistics’ that involve activities regarding receiving and storing of raw materials, ‘operations’ that involve activities related to processing of raw materials, ‘outbound logistics’ which involve collection and distribution of final products, ‘marketing and sales’ that are nothing but the activities associated with promotion, advertising, sales, channel selection etc. and finally ‘services’ that involve actions regarding the ‘after sales services’ that are given to satisfy the consumers (Van Weele, 2009). While researching, I have discovered the importance of value chain in the modern management. I have found that the concept is applicable in all types of organizations, be it a service provider or be it a product manufacturer. I have found several books and online articles that describe the basic idea of ‘value chain’. I have also found that Michael Porter has developed a v ery useful model that describes the usual value chain of an organization irrespective of the nature of business that it does. Enterprise Architecture and Business Strategy In the present competitive business scenario an integrated approach to both IT and business is indispensible for achieving desired level of success. With the expansion of business operations, today’s organizations are getting more and more complex. In order to manage extreme complexity inside of an organization

Juvenile Court System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Juvenile Court System - Essay Example Most of them have mental health and substance abuse problems and have not committed violent offenses. Historically, the key function of the juvenile court system was to act in the best interests of the child. In particular, young offenders were entitled to counsel, to be silent in interrogations and to face their accusers. However, the recent research indicates that the effectiveness of the juvenile court system has significantly decreased due to its continual transformation into adult court system. The juvenile court is more than a court. In addition to judges, probation officers, social workers, mental health professionals, parents and educators are involved into process. The process of maturity is not easy for children and they should be provides with intervention and protections from society. The mission of the juvenile courts is to become the center of rehabilitation and protection for young offenders (Jacob 2003). Most of the young offenders do not commit the serious crimes, but they still violate the state of federal law which if committed by the adult would constitute the crime (Rubin 1996). For many years, the society is struggling to decrease the level of juvenile criminal activities and is trying to identify what motivates the youth to commit crimes. The juvenile court system was intended to address the underlining causes of criminal activity and take the corrective actions. Advantages of Juvenile Court System The effective intervention strategies have developed and integrated into Juvenile Court System despite of the significant problems presented by the young offenders. From the personal perspective, young offenders experience numerous educational and psychological problems. The emotional and economic factors have the significant impact on their criminal involvement. From the epidemiological perspective, young offenders have high percentage of arrests for serious crimes (especially boys). From social perspective, antisocial juveniles as the participants of the child mental and education programs cause enormous governmental resources. In overall, the existing corrective programs for young individuals are effective. Traditional approaches of Juvenile Court System include psychodynamic, humanistic and behavioral (Borduin 1994). In some judicial districts, antisocial young people are referred to the mental health centers for individual psychotherapy where they can receive the individual counseling from the juvenile court representatives. In the middle 1990s, juvenile courts referred an increasing number of delinquent youth for outpatient family therapy as the part of their probation and this tendency has remained today. Peer and family interventions have proved to be high effective in reducing delinquent behavior as well. The so-called multisystemic therapy is the home-based treatment approach including the commitment to maintaining children at home, time-limiting and goal-orienting treatment plans. Unlike pure family intervention approach of juvenile courts, multisystemic therapy is more effective in addressing and reducing the causal models of delinquent behavior (Borduin 1994). The therapy's purpose is to understand the relation between the identified problems and broader systemic context.

Dinosaurs Extinction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Dinosaurs Extinction - Essay Example Variations in the time range of activities often render the theory somewhat problematic. However, the theory provides some important insights that attend to issues relating to meteorite activity in relation to the extinction of the dinosaurs. The explanation weaves into other scientific explanations such as the Darwinian Theory of survival for the fittest in order to expand the understanding of the nature of impact as it affected the survival of various animal species following the massive disruption of the food chain (Michael 1). In this regard, the weight of this theory could be assessed from the perspective of some of the issues that attend to the relationship between organisms and nature. This study assigned significant focus on the theory of volcanism in order to provide alternative points of view to the causal relationship between the theory and the other attendant factors that affected species in various ways.The theory of volcanism is based on the relationship between climate change and the extinction of species. In general, terms the volcanic activities that happened within the Cretaceous period in regions of western India. According to those who hold onto the theory of volcanism, the heavy volcanic activities resulted in the emission of massive amounts of sulfur and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Therefore, processes such as photosynthesis were significantly affected (Michael 2). The result was a shortage of food that led to the extinction of vulnerable species such as dinosaurs.... In this regard, the weight of this theory could be assessed from the perspective of some of the issues that attend to the relationship between organisms and nature. This study assigned significant focus on the theory of volcanism in order to provide alternative points of view to the causal relationship between the theory and the other attendant factors that affected species in various ways. The theory of volcanism is based on the relationship between climate change and the extinction of species. In general, terms the volcanic activities that happened within the Cretaceous period in regions of western India. According to those who hold onto the theory of volcanism, the heavy volcanic activities resulted in the emission of massive amounts of sulfur and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Therefore, processes such as photosynthesis were significantly affected (Michael 2). The result was shortage of food that led to the extinction of vulnerable species such as dinosaurs. However, the stu dy points out one challenge that relates to the difficulty in pinpointing the exact point in time when these volcanic activities took place. The concerns raised in the study are consistent with other refutations that have established a problematic relationship between the action and consequence of the activity. Fastovan and Sheekan (4) study the extinction of the dinosaurs with special focus on North America. The two authors argued that the event took place in an instantaneous fashion. This study explores multiple other perspectives that attempt to situate the dinosaur extinction phenomenon within definite geographical and historical setting. Fastovan and Sheekan

Juvenile Court System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Juvenile Court System - Essay Example Most of them have mental health and substance abuse problems and have not committed violent offenses. Historically, the key function of the juvenile court system was to act in the best interests of the child. In particular, young offenders were entitled to counsel, to be silent in interrogations and to face their accusers. However, the recent research indicates that the effectiveness of the juvenile court system has significantly decreased due to its continual transformation into adult court system. The juvenile court is more than a court. In addition to judges, probation officers, social workers, mental health professionals, parents and educators are involved into process. The process of maturity is not easy for children and they should be provides with intervention and protections from society. The mission of the juvenile courts is to become the center of rehabilitation and protection for young offenders (Jacob 2003). Most of the young offenders do not commit the serious crimes, but they still violate the state of federal law which if committed by the adult would constitute the crime (Rubin 1996). For many years, the society is struggling to decrease the level of juvenile criminal activities and is trying to identify what motivates the youth to commit crimes. The juvenile court system was intended to address the underlining causes of criminal activity and take the corrective actions. Advantages of Juvenile Court System The effective intervention strategies have developed and integrated into Juvenile Court System despite of the significant problems presented by the young offenders. From the personal perspective, young offenders experience numerous educational and psychological problems. The emotional and economic factors have the significant impact on their criminal involvement. From the epidemiological perspective, young offenders have high percentage of arrests for serious crimes (especially boys). From social perspective, antisocial juveniles as the participants of the child mental and education programs cause enormous governmental resources. In overall, the existing corrective programs for young individuals are effective. Traditional approaches of Juvenile Court System include psychodynamic, humanistic and behavioral (Borduin 1994). In some judicial districts, antisocial young people are referred to the mental health centers for individual psychotherapy where they can receive the individual counseling from the juvenile court representatives. In the middle 1990s, juvenile courts referred an increasing number of delinquent youth for outpatient family therapy as the part of their probation and this tendency has remained today. Peer and family interventions have proved to be high effective in reducing delinquent behavior as well. The so-called multisystemic therapy is the home-based treatment approach including the commitment to maintaining children at home, time-limiting and goal-orienting treatment plans. Unlike pure family intervention approach of juvenile courts, multisystemic therapy is more effective in addressing and reducing the causal models of delinquent behavior (Borduin 1994). The therapy's purpose is to understand the relation between the identified problems and broader systemic context.

Analyzing Pro Forma Statements Essay Example for Free

Analyzing Pro Forma Statements Essay Upper management has propositioned the financial analysis team to develop Pro Forma financial statements covering the next five years for the new product line that increases revenue in a similar but slightly different market. (The make-believe company is a restaurant group, the make-believe new product is pizza). The financial statement helps assess the possible financial impacts of pizza. The Pro Forma statements are based on the current year’s (2014) Balance Sheet and Profit/Loss Statement and are projected for an 18% increase in sales each year for the next five years. Analysis for the Pro Forma statement indicates that sales increases from the 2014 mark of $571,379 to $1,307,177 by the end of 2019. Consequently, the projected additional revenue will have the following financial, reflected on the Profit/Loss Statement: Cost of Goods Sold increases by $25,000 per year (pizza is a low cost product after the equipment and license overhead is paid for). Currently COGS is $182,129, after year five the COGS will be $282,129. Therefore projected gross profit will grow to $1,025,048 from $414,250 Wages increase by 12.5% in the first year because of the new hires. Every year after the wage expense increases 2.5% because of merit based raises and bonuses. In 2014 our wage expense is $172,704, by 2019 it will grow to $214,462. Credit Card Fees and Taxes are expected to grow 20% each year because of the additional sales from $14,852 and $17,800 to $37,325 and $44,292 respectively The budget for Supplies, Water/Sewage, Utilities, Repairs and Maintenance will also increase every year by 20% given the additional sales. The following table organizes this data: Net profit is projected to grow from $109,531 to $332,283 by 2019 The Current Assets accounts of Cash, Accounts Receivables, Inventories, Pre-paid Assets, and Other are also projected to increase. Cash is projected to increase from the current amount of $200,000 to $457,552 by the end of 2019. Accounts Receivables will increase from the current amount of $371,379 to $$849,625. Inventory will increase from the current amount of $9,100 to $20,819 by the end of projected period, and Prepaid Assets will climb from $2,500 to $5,816. Total Fixed Assets are not projected to increase, the property and equipment assets associated with Total Fixed assets will depreciate stagnantly by $15,000 over the 5 year projected period. The Asset category, â€Å"Other† will increase from $988 to $2,107. Along with the increase of these asset accounts, the Liabilities Account of Account Payable will increase from $147,179 to $365,682 by the end of 2019. From the prepared Pro Forma projections, expanding the product line to pizza is good for the bottom line. Net Profit will increase by approximately 322%  and Cash is projected to increase by 228%. The additional retained earnings over the five year period from the pizza line can be used to finance the project. In other words, by applying the retained earnings from the pizza line project back into the company we can finance the project in-house. References: Parrino, R., Kidwell, D. S, Bates, T.W. (2012). Fundamentals of corporate finance (2nd ed). Hoboken NJ: Wiley.

Motivation And Group Team Working Business Essay

Motivation And Group Team Working Business Essay Molander Winterton (1994, p.3) states that Anyone who has spent time in a number of work organizations will have noticed how the climate differs, the different ways in which things are done, differing levels of energy and individual freedom, and of course, different kinds of people. And The complex mixture of assumptions, behaviors, stories, myths, metaphors (symbols) and other ideas that fit together to define what it means to be a member of a particular society, this view has been supported in the work of Stoner and Freeman (1999, p.181.). Culture is derived from notional context, clearly linked to strategy and determines how strategy can be implemented. In successful organization, there is a strong culture. In 2006, Haier is the worlds 4th largest whitewoods manufacturer and one of China top 100 IT company. In addition, Haier branches in technology research, manufacture industry, trading and financial services with 240 subsidiary companies and 30 design centers, plants and trade companies and more than 50,000 employees around the world. The global revenue was approximately 10,000 million pounds. Nevertheless 20 years ago, Haier was a small state owned company in Qingdao, China and it was losing $178,000 on annual revenues of $421,000. (Haier, 2010) During that period, it had built up its own sales network around world, export more than 160 countries. Meanwhile, Haier just product refrigerators originally, now its product range cover dozens of categories in the domestic electrical appliance market with thousands of individual products. What makes Haier from a small unsuccessful company, which is nearly shut down to an international large-scale enterprise? It is the Zhangs hammer. Zhang Ruimin the CEO of Haier Corporation, he drives and transforms Haier to a global player. Haiers culture, style and operational approach reflect its Chinese traditions and its successes are identified with its key leaders. Haier president Yang Mianmian states her strategy of one low (price), three high (value, growth and quality) it is also cited as a key for Haiers continuing success. A story of Zhang Ruimin that took in a day in 1985, Zhang took a sledgehammer to a row of 76 faulty Haier fridges to the whole workforce who were lined up to watch ( a fridge cost about two years wages in that year). Zhang said: If we do not destroy these refrigerators, what is be shattered by the market in the future will be this enterprise. This hammer is a symbol of Zhangs complete rejection of the previous company attitude that defective products could be tolerated and knocked out at a discount. This story signifies that Haier Corporation is with a strong and distinctive culture. The international strategy of Haier seeks to offer a fast delivery and good service to local market and customers by make maximum use of local labour resources and capital. It is always changing products for the local preferences and habits (as with the wine fridge), a practice that could become costly in terms of complexity and logistics. Haiers global branding strategy aims at standing as a local brand in different market. With the strong Haier culture, Zhang has decided to go for the difficult markets first on the basis that success in these markets would require the company to improve faster than seeking to dominate less fiercely contested markets. Haier has dominated the Chinese market, though Zhang has sought to expand the network through alliances, such as the 2002 agreement with Sanyo, this agreement helps Haier force into Japan market. Haiers strong culture can be seen most clearly in its internal relationships even exporting to other country. Haier built and opened a factory in South Carolina to serve the American market. At first, its methods were strange to the new employees from local labour market. However, according to a report in the Chinese Peoples Daily: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦both sides have harmonious exchanges, the difference of cultural background, instead of causing estrangement between the Chinese and American workers in their work, has increased their interest in mutual understanding. Initially, the American workers were against to volunteer for overtime to complete the days target work, but the Haier culture motivated them accept the strange work system from China and even prepare for the next days work at Independent Day. Haier seems spread its culture to America. Nowadays, Haier represent as a super brand from China manage to establish and consolidate its position as global brand. As CEO Zhang said: Another challenge unique to China is we have started our brand development late. So we have to catch up in a very short period of time. I will give you an analogy: Its like constructing a 10 story building. Our foreign competitors have already finished all the way up to the ninth floor. The Chinese market is their tenth floor. Once they have moved successfully into the China market, they will be finished with building this high-rise. But in China, we have only built the first floor. There are still nine floors to go. The story recently carried out in the Essentials of organizational behavior by Mullins (2008 cited in Lecture note University of Birmingham Organizational behavior course, 2009). Haier makes culture as a tool of upgrade and powerful company. The aspects of culture can be national, organizational, or interest group, relatively enduring values, beliefs, customs, traditions, and practices commonly shared by a discrete group-defines boundaries between organizations. It also can be transmitted from one generation to the next-conveys a sense of stability and identity. Culture is something larger than individual self-interest, provides standards and control mechanisms. Innovation and risk, attention to detail, outcome orientation, people orientation, team orientation and stability perceived as organization culture separate the high strength employee and low strength employee. The countrys origin effect appears on most global companies that rooted in national business system of their home co untry. Hofstedes analysis has brought up cultural differences in such areas as power distance and uncertainty avoidance, such nationalities as American, British, German/European and Japanese emphasis different approaches to business. Cultures interact with such elements as national business systems, corporate control, management development and human resources management such as COKE, TOYOTA, and UBS. The Business organisation and management lecture given by Dr Peter Foss in November 2009 has shown the definition of motivation is The willingness to exert high levels of effort toward organisational goals, conditioned by the efforts ability to satisfy some individual need. Many factors can influence motivation for example, needs or expectations, behaviour or action, desired goal, frustration or fulfilment and feedback. These make a cycle system, the need or expectations leads to behaviour or action then a desired goal will be set, during the process the blockage will result in frustration, on the contrary get through the blockage will contribute to fulfilment, finally some feedback to needs or expectation. Two differing perspectives are the content theories and process theories. The content theories emphasis what and process theories accentuate how. The content theories identify our needs and strengths; provide the elements of motivation (Spicer, 2010). The Maslow Hierarchy of needs construct by 5 stages, from lowest to highest each stage has its own expectation after reach it, then will move to the next stage. We satisfy needs in the order given: physiological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualisation. After turn to next unsatisfied need, the satisfied need will not be a motivator any more. Meanwhile, lacks of satisfaction will effects physical and mental health. The innate desire to scale hierarchy and self-actualisation stimulates the desire for more. The Hongwu Emperor is one example to interpret this theory. Hongwu Emperor named Zhu Yuanzhang found Ming Dynasty in China, who is an outstanding military scientist and politician. He was born in Pei County in 1328 and he was the youngest of four brothers. His family was difficult to supply basic needs for them and in 1344, the broken dam of Huang River destroyed this poor family, only Zhu Yuanzhang survived. In order to dispense the terrible life condition, Zhu Yuanzhang joined a local rebel group to fight Mongol army. With a strong survivable desire, physical talent and natural leadership ability, Zhu Yuanzhang became a leader in one branch of Red Turban. The Red Turban was mixed brief by Buddhism and Zoroastrianism, the major force against Yuan Dynasty. In the 1356 Zhu Yuanzhang took control of a major city of China, Yingtian (now called Nanjing), he started operate his own policy and built his power prepared for separate from Red Turban in the future. Benefited by Zhu Yuanzhangs splendid talent, he won the largest naval battle, after won and from now on, Zhu Yuanzhang started collecting treasure and jewellery from the people under his rule and built his own palace in Yingtian. He took the rest of China and destroyed Yuan Dynasty in 1366. In the year 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself Hongwu Emperor. (Buzzle, 2010) From this story, Zhu Yuanzhang followed Maslow Hierarchy of Needs, transfer from physiological to safety when he joined the rebel group, after took control of Yingtian, and he sought for affiliation. When Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself Hongwu Emperor the stage from esteem to self-actualisation. However, the Maslow Hierarchy of Needs theory limited by live condition and level of knowledge. According to the Maslow Hierarchy of Needs Pyramid, the Physiological is the most common need and Self-actualiation is the smallest. It is not suitable for the modern world any more, with the upgrade level of human civilization. Self-actualization cannot stay at the top of Maslow Hierarchy of Needs Pyramid any more, physiological does not the basic need for most people. Theory X Type Theory Y Type People dislike work and want to avoid it Work is interesting, need it for growth Force is needed to get the right effort People will direct themselves to goal People are mostly motivated by money Desire to fulfill ones potential is motivating Most people have little creativity Creativity is available, but widely under used Source: Foss, 2009 The McGregors Theory X and Theory Y show two opposite views of individual. Managers would more support Theory Y, the mental motivators are more effective than substance motivators. The employee with Theory Y mostly will be the top of their own territory, but Theory X cannot. David McClelland learned that employee motivated by the six basic human needs: achievement, power, affiliation, independence, self-esteem and security. (Bratton, Sawchuk, Forshaw, Callinan, Corbett, 2010) The Process theories of motivation focus on the choice of motivator that effect in the period of work. How much effort the worker paid in the specific work depends on the motivator. The three process theories of motivation are equity theory, expectancy theory and goal-setting theory. ( Bratton, Sawchuk, Forshaw, Callinan, Corbett, 2010) Equity Self : Outcomes(100) Inputs(100) Other: Outcomes(100) Inputs(100) Inequity (under-rewarded) Outcomes(100) Inputs(100) Outcomes(150) Inputs(100) Inequity (over-rewarded) Outcomes(150) Inputs(100) Outcomes(100) Input(100) The Equity Theory is defined by ratio of an individuals inputs and outcomes to explain how people utilize the resources and energy to distribute fairness. The balance or imbalance direct influence the satisfaction and motivation of employees. Inequitable reward leads to dissatisfaction, lower output and departure. Equitable reward contributes to continue same level of output. More than Equitable Reward conduces to harder work, discounted reward, higher motivation. Conspicuously, the best way to manage the motivation of employees is a positive reward system. (Bratton, Sawchuk, Forshaw, Callinan, Corbett, 2010) Expectancy theory based on the expectation for the output of employees. Moreover, satisfy the equation: Force of motivation (F) = V (direction) ÃÆ'- I (probability) ÃÆ'- E (expectation), motivation is the product of direction, probability and expectation. The effort affect the performance, performance influence reward, finally the reward decide how much output and expectation. The satisfactions of personal goal approach contribute to a higher passion of employee to the work or research. (Bratton, Sawchuk, Forshaw, Callinan, Corbett, 2010) Goal-Setting theory is the process of motivate employees using goal setting method. A challenging goals lead to higher level of performance, but this hinge on the workers ability, otherwise, will damage the motivation and confidence if the goals cannot be reached. Specific goals conduce to higher value of work than oversimplified goals. An energetic employee in goal setting can improve performance by increasing commitment. Individuals belief of being capable of performing a task assisted by setting goals increases performance. (Bratton, Sawchuk, Forshaw, Callinan, Corbett, 2010) The next topic I chose is Group and Team Working. Group and team are two different conceptions. The Group is two or more people work together, face to face communication and have a common target. Nevertheless, the Team is a group of two or more people who influence and care each other, are acting as one people for common objectives and perceive themselves as a responsible entity with an organisation. (Bratton, Sawchuk, Forshaw, Callinan, Corbett, 2010) Developing from Groups into Teams is one of the managers of organization need to think over. The Team had always better than the Group that is why a group of the world best football players cannot 100% defeats a professional team with unknown players. The task and process approach of transfer group into team have a great deal of aspects: different culture if the members of the group have different nationality or culture background, choose a leader from the group, environment, motivation, resources and power or ability. There may also have plenty of uncertain and complex difficulties. Affiliation and achievement of individual needs of group members, the communicate channels, openness to each other and decision making are foundations of a team. Nowadays, team working is competitiveness, with a high competitive market race, organization required to upgrade its efficiency of work and emphasize the importance of the spirit of team working. Especially when face a large-scale project, the individual cannot finish it by itself, at this point, the age of individualism was end, an outstanding team seems be the main stream of world development. The performance of a team depends on the classification of work team, lower-level teams just make things like self-managed work team similar with a single group, middle-level teams monitor thing like project team but not perfect, the senior-level teams plans and runs things, they drive the project to be real by their steps. (Bratton, Sawchuk, Forshaw, Callinan, Corbett, 2010) To be a high performing team required a common purpose, clear defined goals, psychological, role clarity, mature communication, productive conflict resolution and accountable interdependence. Establish sense of urgency, select members for skill and skill potential, pay attention to first meetings and actions, set clear rules for each member, challenge group frequently, set and seize on a few quick performance oriented tasks, spend lots of time together and use positive feedback. The other important rule is insure psychological safety: equal voice, contribution; everyone participates; attack issues not people; privacy in team discussion. (Foss, 2009) The leader is the core of a team who manage the direction of team approach with an overall consideration. The leader should familiar with the ability and virtue of each member and makes them act best in the suitable position, stimulates the potential of them, strengthens the communication between the team and makes the members feel their importance in the team. The members of team are indispensible for the team, should have the consciousness of team working. Finishing the job of themselves is the responsibility in a team, in additional, the members of team should trust each other. The barriers to team effectiveness like social loafing, risky shift, decision-making, groupthink and common knowledge. A pernicious conflict in the team, especially between the leader and co-leader, this will dissociate the team. In the team, the 1+1 probably not larger than 2. In the 2004 NBA final, the Laker has Shaquille ONeal, Kobe Bryant, Karl Malone, Gary Payton and the coach Phil Jackson versus the Pistons. Everyone believed the NBA most powerful team in the last 20 years would defeat the team without one superstar easily. However, the result was the Pistons defeat the Lakers with score 4 to 1. Actually, Shaquille, Kobe, Karl and Gary they are great basketball players no matter in the league or history, but they are not a team, just a famous group. Kobe and Shaquille not get along well for the team leader, Karl and Gary desire for a champion ring, a team with domestic trouble and foreign invasion cannot call a team. The three topics are from the module organizational behaviour and sociology of work. An abundant knowledge of organizational behaviour helps handle the relationship between employees and managers in the organization and have the positive function to the company development. The first topic is organizational culture, and the first part is the definition about organizational culture. Next using the Haier cooperation as the application organizational example, during the application part connects with the theory of organizational culture. The final part is described the key theory and principles, in addition, the criticisms of the theory and principles in this part either. The second topic is motivation. The first part is explain what motivation is and provides The Maslow Hierarchy of needs theory as the main theory. Using the Hongwu Emperor as the example to explain the maslow hierarchy of needs theory. The following is the criticisms and personal opinion against the maslow hierarchy of needs theory. Finally part is the other key principles and theory. The last topic is group and team working. The first part is same with the other two parts explain the definition of group and team working. Next depict the differences between group and team. The Laker from NBA is the organization to show how to manage a team and the barriers to team effectiveness. The Organizational culture, Motivation and Group and team working are important aspects to an organization. The knowledge of organizational behaviour is art of human relationship in the organization, it is the mental spirit of an organization. A successful management of organizational behaviour not only build a concordant relationship during the employees and managers but also clear the barriers to organization upgrade and performance.